勇者义彦与魔王城

B | 在法国驻外使节会议上，他表示，法国虽与美国有价值观共识，但将坚持独立外交政策，不会选边站队，更不会做任何大国附庸。    Some three million Vietnamese were affected by direct contact with dioxin in that decade.,14% of the territory of South Vietnam was exposed to this toxin, causing severe consequences for the land and nature. Five thousand square kilometers of mangrove forests were almost completely destroyed; about 10,000 square kilometers of jungle and more than a thousand square kilometers of lowland forests were affected. American troops destroyed 70% of the coconut plantations and 60% of the Gewea plantations; they also changed the ecological balance of Vietnam.,The affected areas lost 18 out of 150 bird species; nearly all amphibians and insects disappeared; the number of fish in rivers decreased, and their composition changed. The microbiological composition of soils was disturbed. Changes in the fauna resulted in the replacement of black rats, which are safe for humans, with other species that were plague carriers. Alterations in the mosquito species composition led to the introduction of malaria-carrying ones. Dioxin: A Permanently Exploding Bomb The large-scale US use of chemical warfare in Vietnam lasted until late 1971. But this war was not over for Vietnam itself, said Professor Andrei Kuznetsov, director general of the Russian Division of the Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Technology Tropical Center, in an interview with Sputnik.,“This is because dioxins, once inside the human body, begin to work like an HIV infection. If a person is completely healthy, they do not affect him. As soon as the human immune system weakens and any disease begins, dioxins immediately get integrated into the disease chains and start working in their own way. No one knows just how. They can cause cancer, damage to the liver, skin, respiratory system, and much more. Dioxin pathology is very diverse. And the most tragic thing is that it is inherited through mother's milk. More than a million and a half Vietnamese in the three postwar generations have suffered from it. For an extremely long time, for many generations, dioxins will continue to be passed on from women to their children. Moreover, there is no minimum permissible dose for dioxins,” says Andrei Kuznetsov.,Today, Vietnam faces the ever-present threat that children will be born with a wide variety of defects. To this day, several villages there are closed to the public, where children are born into families with various deformities. There are several specialized boarding schools where children with genetic defects live. Scientists from different countries have been studying the effects of dioxin on soil for a long time, but only in temperate and northern climates. No one has studied its impact in the tropics. There have been no studies on what happens when dioxin molecules enter the soil under tropical conditions, continued Professor Kuznetsov.,“The Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Tropical Technology Center is the first and only one to address this issue. It was commonly believed that dioxin molecules were insoluble. Supposedly, humus binds them and they remain in the top layer of the soil. One could bulldoze or even shovel it and burn it. But it turns out that things are different in the tropics. Dioxin molecules bind with various acids in the soil, forming new dioxin-containing molecules that become water-soluble and water-permeable. They mix with rainfall streams, sink into the soil, get transported by subsurface water, and subsequently enter wells, lakes, rivers, and seas hundreds of kilometers away from where they were sprayed. This situation persists in Vietnam to this day. There are several ‘hot spots’; places where, during the aggression, the Americans stored barrels with chemical agents. When they left Vietnam, they shot these barrels with large-caliber machine guns and left them there. For example, this happened in Da Nang, which was one of the largest US military bases. And the same happened at the US military base in Bien Hoa. These two former bases are still the largest and scariest hotbeds of contamination,” said Andrei Kuznetsov.,The expert also noted that the Americans recently have conducted a demonstrative action in Da Nang – and have now begun it in Bien Hoa – to decontaminate the soil to a depth of two meters in those places where barrels with warfare agents were stored. But they don`t check the level of dioxin contamination even within the radius of 200-300 meters from the storage sites. Meanwhile, subsurface water transports pesticides far beyond those limits.,The Mission of Joint Tropical Center The Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Technology Tropical Center has been studying the consequences of the US chemical war in Vietnam since its founding. In fact, it was established precisely for this work, noted Professor Kuznetsov.,“We were tasked with determining whether contact with dioxin leads to genetic changes in humans and has a detrimental effect on soil, flora, and fauna. Our conclusion - yes, it does. The results of our work were published and reported to the leadership of Vietnam’s Ministry of National Defense and Ministry of Health, together with our scientific and practical recommendations on combating various dioxin-related effects. At the same time, we noted that the most effective, global way to prevent dioxins from damaging people is to take maximum care of their health. That is, Vietnam needs to invest much more in health care than countries that have not been exposed to this toxic chemical. We cannot yet say when the effects of US chemical warfare will cease in Vietnam. After all, Vietnam is the first and only country to have been exposed to such massive amounts of poisonous substances,” Kuznetsov concluded.。与此同时，马克龙不忘呼吁整个欧洲，必须确保“地缘政治独立性”，不能被迫选择，而应保持行动自由。自执政以来，马克龙一直是欧洲战略自主的坚定倡导者和积极推动者。今年上半年，作为欧盟轮值主席国，法国将“复兴、强大、归属感”作为三大政策理念，显示其领导欧洲的壮志雄心。

C | 今年3月，欧盟快速出台了《安全与防务战略指南针》，计划构建5000人的快速反应部队，标志着欧盟在安全与防务领域向战略自主方向迈出重要一步。与此同时，法国提出建立“欧洲政治共同体”和构建“新的欧洲和平”等主张，为应对欧洲所面临的危机提供了引领性方案。法国在欧洲战略自主方面的一系列举措，既代表了大多数欧洲国家的强烈呼声，也表达了对美国奉行单边主义政策的不满。只是，在美国掣肘、债务危机、难民问题、疫情防控、英国脱欧、德国领导人更替、俄乌冲突等重重挑战之下，法国推动欧洲战略自主进程绝非易事。近年来，美欧在处理国际事务上的分歧越来越大。美国的出发点是维护其全球霸主地位，掌控全球秩序；欧盟和欧洲国家虽然希望享受西方世界的制度红利，但并不支持单极霸权，不愿意在大国博弈中选边站队。在目前国际形势下，欧盟及欧洲国家在处理与自身利益相关的国际事务时，常常“身不由己”被绑上“美国战车”。但是每当美欧出现矛盾时，美国往往会毫不犹豫地牺牲欧洲利益。

D | 去年，美国未通知欧洲盟友便从阿富汗仓惶撤军，在澳大利亚潜艇采购上对法国“背后捅刀”等行为，更让欧洲国家意识到加快战略自主进程的必要性。

E | 然而，美国对欧洲推动战略自主的行动不可能听之任之。在北约已有的安全防务体系下，欧盟和欧洲国家目前并没有能力抛开美国，建设真正独立的防务体系。

F | 因此，美国利用一些欧洲国家对其安全保护的依赖，离间欧盟和欧洲国家内部阵营。在此背景下，法国一直希望扮演欧洲一体化的“设计师”角色，提出了一些具有法国特色的欧洲战略自主主张。不过，要实现这些主张，法国将面临许多严峻的挑战。首先，马克龙必须优先解决法国的能力与意愿相匹配的问题。此次法国大选已暴露一个现象：相比欧洲战略等国际事务，多数法国民众更加关心国内经济、社会、民生等切身问题。法国要想在欧洲层面发挥作用，归根到底需要先解决本国内部问题。只有处理好国内改革发展问题，增强经济竞争力和社会活力，法国才能实现本国国力与大国目标的匹配。此外，法国必须在加强法德轴心的基础上实现欧洲的内部团结。

G | 目前，北欧、南欧、中东欧国家各有不同的关切，法德协调机制虽然在发挥作用，但两国在一些具体问题上的意见分歧越来越大。因此，欧洲战略自主任重道远，法国谋求“地缘政治独立性”实在心有余而力不足。（贾平凡）《 人民日报海外版 》（ 2022年09月13日 第 10 版）责编：侯兴川返回搜狐，查看更多责任编辑：