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中美之间为何需要1.5轨对话？_我的网站

A |     中新社北京8月26日电 (记者 黄钰钦)8月25日，由中共中央对外联络部和美国亚洲协会共同主办的第三届中美1.5轨对话在北京举行。来自中方有关部门、地方政府、智库、高校以及美国亚洲协会等方面的约40名代表，围绕“建设性战略稳定——新时代中美务实合作”进行交流。                        　　所谓一轨，通常指国家政府之间的正式外交沟通，由现任政府官员代表国家进行谈判和磋商，有明确的官方属性。    NEW YORK -- On the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's First Folio, rare originals are being displayed and publishers are offering collectors editions of Shakespeare's plays, including one that sells for $1,500.Scholars believe that between 200-300 copies still survive from the late 1623 release of “Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories & Tragedies." Presided over by two friends and former colleagues of Shakespeare, who had died in 1616, the Folio ensured that lasting texts existed for “Macbeth,” “Twelfth Night” and other cornerstones of Western literature. In Shakespeare's lifetime, many of his works were unpublished or available only in cheap paperback editions.“Without the First Folio we would have lost a world of words,” Gregory Doran, artistic director emeritus of the Royal Shakespeare Company, writes in the introduction to “The Complete Plays” of Shakespeare, a new publication.First folios have been on exhibit everywhere from the British Museum to the New York Public Library and at least two major book projects will mark the anniversary. The British Museum is collaborating with Rizzoli Books in New York on “Shakespeare’s First Folio: 400th Anniversary Facsimile Edition,” contained within a slipcase cover. With a list price of $150, the book is 928 pages and includes an introductory booklet co-written by Adrian Edwards, head curator of the British Library’s Printed Heritage Collections.The most ambitious, and exclusive project, is “The Complete Plays,” a limited edition from the Folio Society, an employee-owned company in London that puts out customized volumes ranging from "Beowulf" to George R.R. Martin's “A Song of Ice and Fire” series. The Society has printed just 1,000 copies of the 3-volume box set, with a list price of $1,500. Besides Doran's introduction, the Folio Society release includes a foreword by Dame Judi Dench. Each set is hand-numbered by illustrator Neil Packer.More than three-quarters of “The Complete Plays” have already sold, according to the publisher.“In an era when everything seems disposable, I feel like there's a good market for fine editions of classic books,” says Folio Society publishing director Tom Walker.The First Folio was daring, even audacious for its time, when such publications were “reserved for learned treatises, hefty genealogical texts, books of religious or historiographical importance, or even works by monarchs,” according to Shakespeare scholar Chris Laoutaris. Before Shakespeare the only playwright known to have been so honored was his contemporary Ben Jonson, who honored himself by overseeing “The Workes of Benjamin Jonson” in 1616. While the British Museum edition is relatively affordable, the Folio Society's production is closer to the intended market for the original release."Only those with deep pockets, and the space to read them, could afford such luxurious products," says Laoutaris, an associate professor at the Shakespeare Institute in the playwright's native Stratford-On-Avon and author of “Shakespeare’s Book: The Intertwined Lives Behind the Fist Folio,” which came out this year. “When it was released, the First Folio cost more to produce than any other collection of plays in history up until that point.”The Folio proved successful enough that an updated edition, the Second Folio, was published in 1632, a Third Folio in 1663 and a fourth in 1685. By the 19th century, the original Folio was becoming a valued piece of history, in part through the efforts of collectors Henry and Emily Folger, and a symbol of might for the British Empire. Sir George Grey, who had served as a colonial governor, established libraries worldwide that included copies of the First Folio.“For Grey, the First Folio represented the pinnacle of culture, but specifically English culture,” Laoutaris says. “He sought nothing less than the obliteration of the language and culture of the native populations in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, nurturing a desire to replace these with the English language and its literary products." The United States is home to more than half of all existing copies of the First Folio, followed by the United Kingdom and Japan, with handfuls of editions also existing in Germany, France, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand among other countries. For antiquarians, the First Folio is the greatest of prizes: One sold for $9.9 million in 2020. For scholars and countless admirers, the Folio is secondary to the plays themselves."Shakespeare’s stature, for the past 400 years, is a reflection of his plays’ staying power on the stage far more than their survival in a collected works," says James Shapiro, a professor of English and comparative literature at Columbia University and author of several books on Shakespeare.“You can buy a Ben Jonson folio for a few thousand dollars; a Shakespeare folio will cost you millions. The reason for this simple: the remarkable afterlife of his comedies, histories, and tragedies in theaters throughout the world.”。

B | 二轨则更多是非官方交流，参与者多是智库学者、前政要、企业人士等，不代表政府进行正式谈判，但能够在相对宽松的环境中交换观点，为政策制定提供参考。         　　两者之间的1.5轨，是介于官方正式外交和民间对话之间的沟通，参与者既包括政府部门等方面人士，也包括智库、学界、工商界等人士。         　　“1.5轨最大的特点，是在官方和民间之间搭起一座特殊桥梁。”中国人民大学全球治理与发展研究院高级研究员苏浩指出，它既能够接触政策层面的现实问题，又能保留较灵活的讨论空间。         　　这种机制并非中美间独有。早在2015年，中韩双方就举行了第一次1.5轨对话，旨在加强两国政府和二轨对话间的对接。         　　中美1.5轨对话，同样与中美关系需要保持沟通的大背景密切相关。2023年，首届中美1.5轨对话以视频方式举行。

C | 2024年，第二届对话在北京举行，讨论议题进一步延伸至经贸、气候变化、卫生、人工智能、人文交流等领域。         　　从三届对话来看，这一机制的功能不断拓展。本届对话共设置增进中美政治互信，拓展中美经贸合作，探索中美人工智能与科技、国际地区事务合作，促进中美医疗合作与人文交流等四个议题。         　　“这说明1.5轨对话正在从‘保持沟通’走向‘寻找合作’。”苏浩说，三届对话最重要的成果，未必是形成多少具体文件，而是逐步形成可以持续运转的沟通平台，让双方不同领域人士保持接触，把现实问题和合作设想带到桌面上讨论。         　　中美关系正处于重要节点。今年5月中美元首历史性会晤确立了中美建设性战略稳定关系的新定位，为未来3年乃至更长时间的中美关系作出战略指引。

D |          　　“中美关系越是复杂，越需要保持多层次、多领域沟通。”苏浩认为，“1.5轨能够做的，就是把分歧讲清楚，把可以合作的事情找出来，通过持续交流减少误判。”          　　一个稳定的中美关系需要元首外交引领，也需要政府部门间的专业沟通，还需要智库、企业、学界等社会各界保持接触。三届中美1.5轨对话的举行，正是这种多层次的体现，为中美管控分歧、增进理解、寻找合作创造更多可能。(完) 【编辑:曹子健】。

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